History and Government Questions and Answers

Form 1. Questions and Answers Emergence of Kenyan Societies

1. a) Give five reasons, which led to the migration of the Cushites into Kenya before 1800

i) Need for pasture for their animals

ii) Population pressure

iii) External attacks

iv) Outbreak of disease

v) Family and clan feuds

vi) Escape from drought and famine

vii) Adventure

viii) Search for fertile land

b) Describe the economic activities of the Cushites in the pre – colonial period

i) The Cushites practiced pastoralism

They kept camels, goats, cattle and donkeys

ii) Some of Cushites who lived in oasis and along the river valleys practiced subsistence agriculture

They grew grain crops, vegetables, dates and bananas

iii) They practiced iron smelting

They made iron eg swords, knives, bangles and arrowheads

iv) They hunted wild game, gathered rots, vegetables and fruits

v) They engaged in craft industry

For example produced leather items such as handbags, belts and clothing

vi) Some of the Cushites who lived near rivers, and along the Indian Ocean practiced fence traps and hooks and line

vii) They traded with their neighbours such as the Samburu and Pokomo

They trade in iron implements and leather products

2. a) State five results of the settlement of the Gikuyu in the Mount Kenya Region during the pre colonial period

i) The settlement of the Agikuyu in the Mt Kenya region led to the intermarriage with their neighbours e.g Akamba and Maasai

ii) It brought about the expansion of trade in the region,

iii) Some communities were displaced by the Agikuyu eg the Okiek

iv) Some communities were assimilated by the Agikuyu eg the Okiek/increase in the population in the area

v) It promoted cultural interaction between communities eg dressing and ceremonies,

vi) It promoted conflicts in the region over land grazing areas and cattle

b) Describe the political organization of the Agikuyu during the precolonial period

i) The Agikuyu were divided into clans

Each clan was made up of several sub-clans (Mbari) with common descent, and usually living in the same ridge

ii) Each ridge was under a Muthamaki (spokesman)

He was the chairman of the council

Muthamaki emerged due to his personally and leadership potential

iii) Each sub

clan was ruled by a council of elders/kiamaThe council performed religious, It, “administrative and judicial roles
iv) There existed two generation sets (Marika) Mwangi and Maina
The council performed religious administrative and judicial roles
v) The warrior class was responsible for defence
A council of war directed them
vi) Other leaders such as the prophets, priests and diviners played important role in the society
vii) Some individuals rose to top positions of political importance in the late 19th Century as a result of exemplary contributions to the society and wealth acquired
3. a) State five economic activities of the Kalenjin during the pre-colonial period
The Kalenjin practiced livestock keeping
They practiced crop farming/agriculture
They were practicing iron making
Hunted and gathered wild fruits and rocksb) Explain the functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the recolonial period
The Orkoiyot presided over religious functions such as offering sacrifices to God
He advised the council on matters pertaining to the day running of the community affairs such as ownership of land
He advised and blessed the warriors before they went to war
He foretold what was going to happen in the future eg success in war, famine and calamity
He had the ability to make rain by communicating with the spirits of the ancestors
He was chief medicine man4. State three functions of the Laibon in traditional Maasai society
The Laibon of the Maasai blessed the warriors before they went to war
He presided over religious activities/ceremonies
He advised councils of elders
He foretold future events
They practiced handicrafts/craftwork for instance they made pots, weaved baskets and made leather items such as sandals
They hunted wild animals for food and gathered fruits, herbs and honey
Cattle raiding was considered an important economic activityThey raided their neighbours such as Agikuyu for cattle
5 Give two functions of the council of elders among the Akamba during the pre-colonial period
i) They had powers to declare war and bring peace
ii) They presided over religious and other ritual functions
iii) They were the custodians of the sacred roles of ethics
iv) They offered advise to the community when need arose
v) They ruled the community
6. a) What factors made the Cushites migrate into Kenya during the pre- colonial period?
i) Hostile neighbours in their homeland
ii) Succession in disputes/feuds/family conflicts
iii) Search for pastures for their livestock
iv) Natural calamities such as drought, v) Search for settlement
vi) Population pressure
vii) Spirit of adventure
b) Explain five results of the migration of the Cushites into Kenya during the pre-colonial period
i) The Cushites came with their own livestock and so ended livestock farming in areas they where settled
ii) Their settlement led to increased rivalry and ownership of land
iii) Some Cushites who had been converted to Islam spread religion in the areas where they settled,
iv) The Cushites attacked the Eastern Bantu Communities who had settled at Shungwaya, and forced them to move to their present homeland in Kenya
v) The Cushites intermarried with the communities they found hence increase of population,
vi) Trade developed between the Cushites and the communities they came into contact with
For example they exchanged livestock products such as milk and butter with the Bantu in return they obtained grains from Bantu
vii) The Bantu borrowed some of their cultural practice eg circumcision, iron making,
viii) Cushites acquired mixed farming from the Bantu
7. a) Explain the result of the migration and settlement of the Somali into Kenya by 1800
i) The Somali people intermarried with the people they came into contact with such as Pokomo and Boran
ii) Their settlement in Kenya led to the expansion of trade in the region,
iii) Demand for agricultural produce by the Somali led to the expansion of trade in the region
iv) Their settlement led to the increased conflicts between the communities over resources such as water and pasture
v) Their migration and settlement led to the displacement and redistribution of people where they settled
vi) Led to cultural exchange between the Somali and the people they came into contact with
For example the neighbouring communities adopted Islam from the Somali
vii) Assimilation of some communities they came into contact with eg Oromo
viii) Their settlement in high agricultural potential areas eg river valleys encouraged some of them to practice crop farming
b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in Kenya during the colonial period
i) The basic political unit of the Somali was the clan
Each clan had its pre-colonial period
ii) A council of elders was inn charge of the day to day affairs of the clan eg making major clan decisions and settled disputes
iii) A council maintained law and orders and was the final court of appeal,
iv) The age set system was an important institute among the Somali and all male members of the society belonged to the age -set
Each age set performed specific role/duties,
v) The Somali had leaders called Sultan whose role was mainly advisory,
vi) There existed warriors whose main duty was to protect the community against external attacks and acquire possessions for the community,
vii) There existed people with special responsibilities eg Sheikhs and medicine men
They were highly regarded in the community and their opinions were sought before important decisions were made

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