Geography Notes Form 3

Geography Notes Form 3

Geography Notes Form 3

Geography Notes Form 3

Statistics

Compound/cumulative/divided

Bar Graph

Major Cash Crops Exported in Kenya in Tonnes

 

1. Set cumulative totals for the data each year

2. Draw vertical axis(Y) to represent dependent variable

3. Draw horizontal axis(x) to represent independent variable

4. Label both axis using suitable scale

5. Plot the cumulative values for each year

6. Use values for components to subdivide the cumulative bar

7. The subdivisions are placed in descending order with the longest at the bottom(coffee)

8. Shade each component differently

9. Put title and key

Advantages

1. Its easy to construct

2. It has good visual impression

3. There is easy comparison for the same component in different bars because of uniform shading

4. Easy to interpret because bars are shaded differently

5. Total value of the bar can be identified easily

Disadvantages

1. It doesn’t show the trend of components (change over time).

2. Cant be used to show many components as there is limited space upwards

3. Tedious as there is a lot of calculation work involved.

4. Not easy to trace individual contribution made by members of the same bar

5. Poor choice of vertical scale causes exaggeration of bars length leading to wrong conclusions

 

Analysis

– Coffee was the leading export earner in the five years.

– Tea was the second leading export earner.

– Wheat had the lowest export quantity.

– 1993 recorded the highest export quantity.

– 1990 recorded the lowest export quantity.

Piechart/dividedcircles/circle Charts

– A circle which has been subdivided into degrees used to represent statistical data where component values have been converted in degrees. Major countries producing commercial vehicles in the world in 000s

a) Convert components into degrees

USA 1800×360/5480=118.2◦

FRANCE 240×360/5480=15.8◦

JAPAN 2050×360/5480=134.7◦

UK 400×360/5480=26.3◦

GERMANY 240×360/5480=15.8◦

RUSSIA 750×360/5480=49.3◦

b) Draw a circle of convenient size using a pair of compasses.

c) From the centre of the circle mark out each calculated angle using a protractor.

d) Shade the sectors differently and provide the key for various shadings.

Advantages

1. Gives a good/clear visual impression

2. Easy to draw.

3. Can be used to present varying types of data e.g. minerals, population, etc.

4. Easy to read and interpret as segments are arranged in descending order and are also well shaded.

5. Easy to compare individual segments.

Disadvantages

1. Difficult to interpret if segments are many.

2. Tedious due to a lot of mathematical calculations and marking out of angles involved.

3. Can’t be used to show trend/change over a certain period.

4. Small quantities or decimals may not be easily represented.

Analysis

1. The main producer of commercial vehicles is Japan.

2. The second largest producer is USA followed by Russia.

3. The lowest producers were France and West Germany with.

 

Proportional Circles

This is use of circles of various sizes to represent different sets of statistical data. Table showing mineral production In Kenya from year1998-2000

1. Determining the radii of circles by finding the square roots of the totals

1998 √1000=31.62=32

1999 √1915=43.76=44

2000 √3000=54.77=55

2. Scale:1cm represents 10 tonnes

1998=3.2 cm

1999=4.4 cm

2000=5.5 cm

3. Using a pair of compasses draw circles of different radii representing mineral production in Kenya between 1998 and 2000.

4. Convert component values into degrees

Component value/ total value of data×360

1998: Graphite-200/1000×360=72◦

Fluorspar-30/1000×360=10.8◦

Soda ash-270/1000×360=97.2◦

Diamond-500/1000×360=180◦

1999: Graphite-490/1915×360=92.1◦

Fluorspar-255/1915×360=47.9◦

`300/1915×360=56.4◦

Diamond-870/1915×360=163.6◦

2000: Graphite-930/3000×360=11.6◦

Fluorspar-450/3000×360=54◦

Soda ash-350/3000×360=42.1◦

Diamond-1270/3000×360=152.3◦

5. On the proportional circle for each year use a protractor and mark out the angles 6. Shade the segments and then provide a key.

Advantages

1. They give a good visual impression.

2. Easy to compare various components.

3. Simple to construct.

4. Easy to interpret as segments are arranged in descending order.

5. Can be used to present varying types of data.

Disadvantages

1. Tedious in calculation and measurement of angles

2. Actual values represented by each component cant be known at a glance

3. Difficult to accurately measure and draw sectors whose values are too small.

4. Comparison can be difficult if the circles represent values which are almost equal.

Analysis/Conclusions

1. Diamond was leading in production.

2. The second leading mineral in production was graphite.

3. The mineral with the lowest production was fluorspar.

Map Work Description of Relief

a) Describe the general appearance of the entire area e.g. hilly, mountainous, plain, undulating landscape, has many hills, isolated hills, etc.

b) State the highest and lowest parts of the area.

c) Look out for valleys which are occupied by rivers.

d) Divide into relief regions such as plateau, escarpment and lowland.

e) Explain the type of slop e.g. gentle, steep, even or irregular.

f) Direction of slope.

g) Identify the land forms present in the area.

Gentle Slope

Slope is the gradient of land surface.

 

Gentle slope is one in which land doesn’t rise or fall steeply Contours are wide apart

 

Steep Slopes

– Where land rises or falls sharply

– Contours are close to each other

 

Even Slopes

– Shown by contours which are evenly spaced.

 

Uneven Slopes

– Indicated by unevenly spaced contours.

 

Convex Slopes

– One curved outwards

– Indicated by contours which are close together at the bottom and widely spaced together at the top.

 

Concave Slopes

– One curved inwards.

– Contours are close together at the top and widely spaced at the bottom.

 

A Valley

– A low area between higher grounds.

– Indicated by U-shaped contours pointing towards a higher ground.

 

A Spur

– Land which is projected from high to low ground.

– Indicated by U-shaped contours bulging towards lower ground.

Interlocking Spurs

– Spurs which appear as if to fit together.

 

Truncated Spurs

– Spurs in glaciated highlands whose tips have been eroded and straightened.

 

Conical Hills

– Hills are uplands which rise above relatively lower ground

– Conical hills are small rounded hills

 

Irregular Shaped Hills

-A hill with some sides with uneven gentle and others with uneven steep slopes.

 

Ridges

– A range of hills with steep slopes on all sides.

– A ridge can contain hills, cols, passes or water shed.

 

A Col

– A low area which occurs between two hills.

A Pass

– A narrow steep sided gap in a highland.

A Water Shed

– The boundary separating drainage systems which drains into different directions

– Escarpment and ridges often form water sheds.

 

Escarpment

– A relatively continuous line of steep slopes facing the same direction

– Has two slopes: a long gentle slope (dip slope) and short steep slope (scarp slope).

 

A Plateau

– A high flat land bound by steep slopes.

Description of Vegetation

Natural vegetation is classified as woodlands, thickets, scrubs or grasslands.

Symbols are given as pictures of vegetation.

• Types present

• Distribution

• Reasons for distribution e.g. seasonal streams, scrub or grassland due to low rainfall.

a) Forests

Likely indications of the following in the area:

• Heavy rainfall

• Fertile rainfall

• Cool temperature depending on altitude

b) Thickets and shrubs

• Seasonal rainfall

• Poor soil

• High temperature

c) Riverine trees

• High moisture content in the river valley

Describing Drainage

• Identify drainage features present

Natural drainage features include lakes, rivers, swamps, sea, rapids, water falls, cataracts, springs, deltas, fjords, sand or mud, and bays Artificial features include ponds, wells, boreholes, water holes, cattle dips, cattle troughs, canals, reservoirs, irrigation channels, aqueducts, water treatment plants and man made lakes.

• Identify main rivers by name

• Size of rivers-big or small-shown by thickness of blue lines.

• Give the general direction of flow.

• Location of water shed if any

• Characteristic of each feature

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