English Grammar Notes

English Grammar Notes

English Grammar Notes

English Grammar Notes and Rules Guide

English Notes Form 1 to Form 4

Parts of Speech

All words may be classified into groups called parts of speech. There are 8 parts of speech namely: Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

We shall now discuss these parts of speech one at a time:

Chapter One

1. NOUNS

A noun is the part of speech that names a person, a place, a thing or an idea. You use nouns every day when you speak or write.

Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk about anything at all without them.

Many nouns name things you can see:

Persons Places Things

Boy Lake Boot

Student Country Shadow

John Kamau Nairobi Chair

Stranger Jupiter Sweater

Writer Kenyatta Market Calendar

Barrack Obama Sierra Leone Short story

Note: Nouns can be two or more words e.g. John Kamau, Kenyatta Market and Short story.

They are called compound nouns. We shall learn more about them in coming pages.

Some nouns name things you cannot see such as feelings, ideas and characteristics:

Feelings Ideas Characteristics

Excitement Freedom Curiosity

Fear Justice Cowardice

Anger Fantasy Courage

Happiness Faith Imagination

Surprise Evil Self-confidence

Exercise 1

What words in each sentence below are nouns?

Example: John is a dancer – John, dancer

1. The students planned a party.

2. Three boys performed songs.

3. Excitement filled the air.

4. Joyce Chepkemoi won a prize.

5. Otieno lives in a house on my street.

Exercise 2

Copy the nouns below and write whether it names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.

Example: river – place 1. Candle 5. Guitar 2. Wrestle 6. China 3. Joy 7. Hatred 4. Menengai Crater 8. Masanduku Arap Simiti

Exercise 3

Write down each noun in the following sentences.

Example: Kenya is a beautiful country – Kenya, country

1. The musicians played drums and trumpets.

2. Her family lives in a village.

3. Petronilla enjoyed the trip.

4. A festival was held in Kenyatta University.

5. People in costumes filled the streets.

6. Boys in Scouts uniforms were leading the parade.

7. The holiday was a great excitement.

8. A taxi brought the family to the airport.

9. Maryanne built a huge castle in the wet sand.

10. Her mother swam in the warm water.

There are different kinds of nouns:

1.1. Common and proper nouns

All nouns can be described as either common or proper. When you talk or write about a person, a place, a thing, or an idea in general, you use a common noun.

Example: Doctors work hard. They treat many patients.

A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters.

Example: Ephraim Maree is a doctor. He comes from Kirinyaga.

Note: When a proper noun is made up of more than one word, only the important words in the noun will begin with a capital letter. Do not capitalize words such as the, of, or for.

Example: Gulf of Mexico, State of Liberty, the Commander – in – Chief.

Common and Proper Nouns

Common nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Proper nouns

street Kerugoya city Raila Odinga

author South Africa ocean Wanjohi wa Kigogo-ini

policeman Asia bed Moi Avenue

country Indian Ocean wardrobe Lake Victoria

mountain England continent Dr. Frank Njenga

lake Nelson Mandela assistant Professor Saitoti

Proper nouns are important to good writing.

They make your writing more specific, and therefore clearer.

Exercise 4

Which words are proper nouns and should be capitalised? Which words are common nouns? Example: kenya Proper: Kenya

1. july 6. student 11. america

2. book 7. kendu bay 12. business

3. face 8. john hopkins 13. day

4. england 9. life 14. east africa

5. crocodiles 10. johannesburg 15. calendar

Exercise 5

List the common nouns and the proper nouns in each of the following sentences.

Example: Nancy welcomed the guests.

Proper: Nancy common: guests

1. Lucky Dube was a famous singer.

2. This dancer has performed in London and Paris.

3. His last flight was over the Mediterranean Sea.

4. She worked as a nurse during the Second World War.

5. Her goal was to educate students all over the world.

6. It was the worst accident in the history of Europe.

7. Bill Gates is best known for founding Microsoft.

8. The Pilot was the first woman to cross that ocean alone.

9. She grabbed a kettle and brought them water.

10. Professor Wangari Maathai won a Nobel Peace Prize.

1.2 Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun may be either singular or plural. A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea.

Example: The farmer drove to the market in his truck.

A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea.

Example: The farmers drove to the markets in their trucks.

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