Biology Notes Form 2

Biology Notes Form 2 – Form Two Biology

By the end of form two work, the learner should be able to:

Define the term transport
List substances transported in plants and animals
Link surface area to volume ratio of organisms to the transport system of the organism
Explain the necessity of transport in plants
Draw the structure of roots and root hairs
Relate the structure of the root to their functions
Observe prepared slides of roots and root hairs
Compare monocotyledons and dicotyledonous root sections
Observe charts and drawings of root sections
Draw and label the structure of the Xylem Vessel
Define Xylem Vessel
Relate the structure of the Xylem Vessel to its function
Define Tracheid elements
Relate the structure of the Tracheid elements to their functions
Distinguish between xylem vessels and Tracheid elements
Describe water and salt uptake by roots from the soil
Explain the physiological process involved in the uptake of water and mineral salts
Draw the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous stem sections
Define the term transpiration and relate the structure of xylem to its role in transpiration
Draw and label the internal and the external structure of a leaf
Describe the functions of the leaf
Relate the parts of a leaf to their functions
Demonstrate the movement of water in plants
Observe prepared leaf sections to identify vascular tissues
Discuss the forces involved in movement of water in plants such as transpiration, pull, cohesion and adhesion capillarity and root pressures
Demonstrate the forces involved in movement of water in plants
Identify the importance of transpiration in plants
Discuss the importance of transpiration in plants
Explain what the phloem is
Draw the structure of the phloem and relate its structure to its function
List down materials translocated in the phloem
Draw the structure of the phloem
Relate the parts of the phloem to its functions
Discuss the function of the phloem
List down materials translocated and the sites of storage in the phloem
Set up an experiment to investigate translocation of food substances in dicotyledonous plants
Set up an experiment to investigate translocation of food substances in a monocotyledonous plant
Explain the processes involved in the translocation of food in plants Identify unicellular organisms such as amoeba
Describe transport of substances in unicellular organisms
Explain the necessity of an elaborate transport system in most animals
Define an open circulatory system
Discuss the open circulatory system
Draw the open circulatory system of an insect
Define an closed transport system
Identify animals with the open circulatory system
Distinguish between closed and open circulatory systems
Define an Double circulatory system
Draw and label circulatory systems in mammals
Dissect a rabbit and observe its transport system
Draw and label the external parts of the mammalian heart
Draw and label the internal structure of the mammalian heart
Explain the functions of the heart
Relate the structure of the heart to its functions
Trace the path taken by blood from the heart to the body parts and back to the heart
State the substances supported by the blood of mammals
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood in and out of the body through the heart
Explain the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries
Relate the structure of the arteries, veins and capillaries to their function
Name the common diseases of circulatory system such as thrombosis, varicose veins
Suggest methods of control/prevention for the diseases.
List the components of the blood
State the functions of each of the blood components
Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
Describe the mechanisms of blood clotting and its importance
Describe the human blood group system
State the importance of blood groups in blood transfusion
Discuss the rhesus factor
State the role of the rhesus factor in blood transfusion
Examine the external and internal structure of a cows heart
Investigate pulse rate at the wrist
Defining immunity
Describe immune response
Differentiate between natural and artificial immunity
Define vaccination
Describe importance of vaccination against diseases such as tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough
Define allergic reactions and explain their causes
Carry out an experiment to demonstrate the unidirectional flow of blood in the cutaneous veins of the forearm
Define gaseous exchange
Identify the gases that are exchanged in the living organism
Explain the importance of gaseous exchange in organisms
Describe the stomata
Draw and label open and closed stomata
Explain stomata and gaseous exchange
Investigate the presence of stomata on leaves
Investigate the shape of guard cells and the distribution of stomata on leaves
Explain the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata
Describe photosynthetic/glucose accumulation theory of opening and closing stomata
Describe inter-conversion of starch and glucose and ion accumulation theories
Investigate the internal structure of stems and leaf stalk in aerial and aquatic plants
Investigate tissue distribution in aerial leaves and stems
describe Cuticular and lenticular gaseous exchange
Draw the structure of the root
Describe how gaseous exchange takes place through the epidermis of the roots
Examine various types of gaseous exchange structure in different organisms
Relate the various types of gaseous exchange structure to their functions in different organisms
State the characteristics of gaseous exchange surfaces in different organisms
Examine the gaseous exchange structures of a grasshopper or a locust
Draw the gaseous exchange structure of an insect
Draw and label the structure of gaseous exchange in bony fish
Relate the gills to their function
describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in bony fish
Examine the location and number of gills in gill chambers of bony fish
Examine, draw and label the gill of a bony fish
describe the gaseous exchange I a frog through its gills, skin, mouth and lungs.
State the structure involved in gaseous exchange in human beings
Explain the features of the structures involved in gaseous exchange in human beings
Draw and label the structures involved in gaseous exchange in human beings
Examine a dissected mammal to locate the gaseous exchange structures
Describe the mechanism of breathing in human beings
Draw and label the alveoli where gaseous exchange occur in human beings
Describe how gaseous exchange occurs in alveoli
Explain how human beings are adapted to their functions
Able to examine the mammalian lung
Demonstrate the breathing mechanism of the lungs and diaphragm in a model thoracic cavity
Demonstrate the breathing movement of ribs and muscles by using a model
Examine the factors affecting the rate of breathing in human beings
Explain the factors which control the rate of breathing in human beings
State the causes of respiratory diseases
Discuss the symptoms of respiratory disease
explain the prevention measures of respiratory diseases
demonstrate the effect of exercise on the rate of breathing
Define respiration
State the significance of respiration
Draw and label mitochondria
Define Anaerobic respiration
Describe Anaerobic respiration in plants
Describe Anaerobic respiration in animals
Identify the gas given off when food is burnt
Investigate the gas produced during fermentation
State the economic importance of anaerobic respiration
Discuss the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in both plants and animals
Explain anaerobic respiration
Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Compare energy production in anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Investigate the production of heat by germinating seeds
Demonstrate that respiration takes place in plants
Show aerobic respiration in animals
Show the aerobic respiration takes place in animals
Define terms stated
Distinguish between excretion and egestion
Explain the necessity of excretion in plants and animals
Describe the methods of excretion in plants
List down useful and harmful excretory products in plants
Identify the uses of excretory products in plants
Describe the uses of excretory products in plants
Describe excretion and homeostasis in unicellular animals such as amoeba
Draw an amoeba
Describe excretion in fresh water amoeba
Explain the need for complex animals for excretion
List down organs involved In excretion in animals
List down waste products released by various organs
Examine the kidney of a mammal
Draw and label the external structure of a kidney
Make a vertical section through the kidney
Identify the internal parts of the kidney
Draw and label parts of the nephron
Relate its structure to its role in urine formation
Identify the hormones involved in Neuro-endoctrine system and homeostasis eg insulin
Explain the process of urine formation in the kidney
Describe the role of various hormones in urine formation
Describe the components and role of Neuro-endoctrine systems
Distinguish between internal and external environments
Explain the general working of the homeostatic mechanism
Define osmoregulation
Describe the role of the kidney in osmoregulation
Explain the role of hypothalamus in osmoregulation
Explain Diabetes insipidus and other common kidney diseases
Describe the causes of Diabetes insipidus and other common kidney diseases
State possible control/prevention methods of Diabetes insipidus
Draw and label parts of the skin
Relate the parts of the skin to their functions
Distinguish between osmoregulation and thermoregulation
Describe the role of the skin in osmoregulation
Describe the role of the skin in thermoregulation
Identify behavioral and physiological means of thermoregulation in animals
Describe behavioral and physiological means of thermoregulation in animals
Explain Heat loss and heat gain
Describe the various methods of Heat loss and heat gain in mammals
Explain the terms Surface area to volume ratio in relation
Relate the body size of mammals to heat loss and heat gain
Draw and label the liver and its associated parts
Describe the liver and its role in homeostasis
List down some of the functions of the liver
Describe the functions of the liver
Identify all the diseases of the liver
Describe the symptoms and possible control of diabetes mellitus and other liver diseases
Explain the causes symptoms and diseases of the liver
explain catalase enzyme and hydrogen peroxide
describe the role of catalase enzyme in breaking down hydrogen peroxide,,use liver and kidney to investigate the reaction
Describe the role of the liver in blood sugar control
Describe the role of insulin hormone
Explain the regulation of blood sugar
Describe a flow chart showing the regulation of blood sugar
Describe temperature regulation in other animals
Relate parts of the lungs to its functions
Draw and label parts of the lungs
describe the functions of the lungs as discussed during gaseous exchange
Identify a mammals lungs
Observe and describe structures of lungs in relation to functions Transport in Plants and Animals.Introduction
Transport is the movement of substances within an organism.
All living cells require oxygen and food for various metabolic processes.
These substances must be transported to the cells.
Metabolic processes in the cells produce excretory products which should be eliminated before they accumulate.
The excretory products should be transported to sites of excretion.
Organisms like amoeba are unicellular.
They have a large surface area to volume ratio.
The body is in contact with the environment.
Diffusion is adequate to transport substances across the cell membrane and within the organism.
Large multi-cellular organisms have complex structure where cells are far from each other hence diffusion alone cannot meet the demand for supply and removal of substances.
Therefore an elaborate transport system is necessary.Transport in plants
Simple plants such as mosses and liverworts lack specialized transport system.
Higher plants have specialized transport systems known as the vascular bundle.
Xylem transports water and mineral salts .
Phloem transports dissolved food substances like sugars.Internal structure of roots and root hairs
The main functions of roots are ;
Anchorage
absorption.
storage
gaseous exchange.
The outermost layer in a root is the piliferous layer.
This is a special epidermis of young roots whose cells give rise to root hairs.
Root hairs are microscopic outgrowths of epidermal cells.
They are found just behind the root tip,
They are one cell thick for efficient absorption of substances.
They are numerous and elongated providing a large surface area for absorption of water and mineral salts.
Root hairs penetrate the soil and make close contact with it.
Below the piliferous layer is the cortex.
This is made up of loosely packed, thin walled parenchyma cells.
Water molecules pass through this tissue to reach the vascuiar bundles.
In some young plant stems, cortex cells contain chloroplasts.
The endodermis (starch sheath) is a single layer of cells with starch grains.
The endodermis has a casparian strip which has an impervious deposit controlling the entry of water and mineral salts into xylem vessels.
Pericyc1e forms a layer next to the endodermis.
Next to the pericycle is the vascular tissue.
In the Dicotyledonous root, xylem forms a star shape in the centre, with phloem in between the arms.
It has no pith. In monocotyledonous root, xylem alternates with phloem and there is a pith in the centre.

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